what is land called that has been set aside for native americans to live on

Evolving state area set bated by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans

Indian Territory
Unincorporated and unorganized territory consisting of independent Native American nations of the Usa
1834–1907
Flag (1822-1836)
Oklahoma and Indian Territories, 1890
Uppercase	Fort Gibson (de facto) Tahlequah (Cherokee) Tuskahoma (Choctaw) Tishomingo (Chickasaw) Okmulgee (Creek) Wewoka (Seminole) Pawhuska (Osage)
History
• Type	Indian Tribal self-authorities
History
• Indian Intercourse Act	June 30, 1834
• Platte Buy	1836
• Kansas–Nebraska Act	May 30, 1854
• Oklahoma Territory separated	May 2, 1890
• Oklahoma statehood	November 16, 1907
Preceded by Succeeded by Missouri Territory Oklahoma
Today part of	Oklahoma (predominantly) Kansas Nebraska Missouri (Platte Purchase) Colorado North Dakota Due south Dakota Montana Wyoming

The Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set bated past the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held ancient championship to their land every bit a sovereign independent state. In general, the tribes ceded land they occupied in exchange for land grants in 1803. The concept of an Indian Territory was an event of the U.s.a. federal regime's 18th- and 19th-century policy of Indian removal. After the American Ceremonious War (1861–1865), the policy of the US regime was ane of absorption.

The term Indian Reserve describes lands the British set aside for Indigenous tribes between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River in the time before the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).

Indian Territory subsequently came to refer to an unorganized territory whose general borders were initially set by the Nonintercourse Human activity of 1834, and was the successor to the remainder of the Missouri Territory after Missouri received statehood. The borders of Indian Territory were reduced in size as various Organic Acts were passed by Congress to create incorporated territories of the United States. The 1907 Oklahoma Enabling Act created the single state of Oklahoma by combining Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory, catastrophe the existence of an unorganized unincorporated independent Indian Territory as such. Before Oklahoma statehood, Indian Territory from 1890 onwards consisted of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole tribes and their territorial holdings.

Indian reservations remain within the boundaries of U.s.a. states, only largely exempt from land jurisdiction. The term Indian country is used to signify lands under the control of Native nations, including Indian reservations, trust lands on Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Expanse, or, more than casually, to depict anywhere big numbers of Native Americans live.

Description and geography [edit]

Indian Country 1834 (in Ruby)

United States Department of the Interior map of Indian Territory in 1879

Map of the gradual opening of Oklahoma Territory to white settlers and the Indian Territory, annexed by Oklahoma in 1907.

Indian Territory in 1885 (top) and 1891 (bottom). This latter surface area of 31,069 square miles would later on be annexed to the new land of Oklahoma in 1907.

Oklahoma and Indian Territories, 1890s

Indian Territory, besides known as the Indian Territories and the Indian Country, was land within the U.s. of America reserved for the forced re-settlement of Native Americans. Therefore, information technology was not a traditional territory for the tribes settled upon it.^[1] The general borders were set by the Indian Intercourse Deed of 1834. The territory was located in the Central Us.

While Congress passed several Organic Acts that provided a path for statehood for much of the original Indian State, Congress never passed an Organic Act for the Indian Territory. Indian Territory was never an organized incorporated territory of the United states of america. In general, tribes could not sell land to non-Indians (Johnson v. M'Intosh). Treaties with the tribes restricted entry of non-Indians into tribal areas; Indian tribes were largely self-governing, were suzerain nations, with established tribal governments and well established cultures. The region never had a formal regime until after the American Civil War.

After the Civil War, the Southern Treaty Commission re-wrote treaties with tribes that sided with the Confederacy, reducing the territory of the Five Civilized Tribes and providing land to resettle Plains Indians and tribes of the Midwestern The states.^[2] These re-written treaties included provisions for a territorial legislature with proportional representation from diverse tribes.

In time, the Indian Territory was reduced to what is at present Oklahoma. The Organic Act of 1890 reduced Indian Territory to the lands occupied by the V Civilized Tribes and the Tribes of the Quapaw Indian Agency (at the borders of Kansas and Missouri). The remaining western portion of the erstwhile Indian Territory became the Oklahoma Territory.

The Oklahoma organic act applied the laws of Nebraska to the incorporated territory of Oklahoma Territory, and the laws of Arkansas to the yet unincorporated Indian Territory, since for years the federal U.S. Commune Court on the eastern borderline in Ft. Smith, Arkansas had criminal and ceremonious jurisdiction over the Territory.

History [edit]

Indian Reserve and Louisiana Purchase [edit]

The concept of an Indian territory is the successor to the British Indian Reserve, a British American territory established by the Purple Proclamation of 1763 that prepare aside land for use by the Native American tribes. The proclamation limited the settlement of Europeans to lands east of the Appalachian Mountains. The territory remained agile until the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary State of war, and the land was ceded to the United States. The Indian Reserve was slowly reduced in size via treaties with the American colonists, and after the British defeat in the Revolutionary War, the Reserve was ignored by European American settlers who slowly expanded westward.

At the time of the American Revolutionary War, many Native American tribes had long-standing relationships with the British, and were loyal to Peachy Uk, simply they had a less-developed relationship with the American colonists. After the defeat of the British in the war, the Americans twice invaded the Ohio Land and were twice defeated. They finally defeated the Indian Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and imposed the Treaty of Greenville, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of nowadays-day Indiana, and the lands that include present-day Chicago and Detroit, to the United States federal government.

The menstruation after the American Revolutionary War was one of rapid western expansion. The areas occupied past Native Americans in the United States were called Indian country. They were distinguished from "unorganized territory" considering the areas were established by treaty.

The Louisiana Buy was one of several historical territorial additions to the United States.

In 1803 the The states agreed to buy France'southward claim to French Louisiana for a full of $xv million (less than three cents per acre).^[3]

President Thomas Jefferson doubted the legality of the buy. However, the principal negotiator, Robert R. Livingston believed that the third commodity of the treaty providing for the Louisiana Purchase would be acceptable to Congress. The 3rd article stated, in role:^[four]

the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Matrimony of the U.s., and admitted as shortly as possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the Us; and in the meantime they shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and the faith which they profess.

—eight Stat. at L. 202

This committed the United states government to "the ultimate, merely not to the immediate, access" of the territory equally multiple states, and "postponed its incorporation into the Wedlock to the pleasure of Congress".^[4]

After the Louisiana Buy in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson and his successors viewed much of the land due west of the Mississippi River as a place to resettle the Native Americans, so that white settlers would exist complimentary to live in the lands east of the river. Indian removal became the official policy of the U.s. government with the passage of the 1830 Indian Removal Act, formulated past President Andrew Jackson.

When Louisiana became a state in 1812, the remaining territory was renamed Missouri Territory to avoid confusion. Arkansas Territory, which included the present Land of Arkansas plus most of the state of Oklahoma, was created out of the southern role of Missouri Territory in 1819. Originally the western border of Missouri was intended to extend southward all the way to the Red River, just north of Louisiana.^{[ clarification needed ]} Nevertheless, during negotiations with the Choctaw in 1820 for the Treaty of Doak'due south Stand up, Andrew Jackson ceded more of Arkansas Territory to the Choctaw than he realized, from what is now Oklahoma into Arkansas, e of Ft. Smith, Arkansas.^[5] The General Survey Human action of 1824 immune a survey that established the western border of Arkansas Territory 45 miles west of Ft. Smith. But this was where the Choctaw and Cherokee tribes had just begun to settle, and the ii nations objected strongly. In 1828 a new survey redefined the western Arkansas border just w of Ft. Smith.^[6] After these redefinitions, the "Indian zone" would cover the nowadays states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and part of Iowa.^[7]

Relocation and treaties [edit]

Map of Indian territory 1836

Before the 1871 Indian Appropriations Deed, much of what was called Indian Territory was a large area in the primal part of the United States whose boundaries were set by treaties betwixt the U.s.a. Government and diverse indigenous tribes. After 1871, the Federal Government dealt with Indian Tribes through statute; the 1871 Indian Appropriations Human action likewise stated that "hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized every bit an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, That zilch herein independent shall exist construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe".^{[8] [nine] [10] [eleven]}

The Indian Appropriations Human action also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, or larceny inside any Territory of the Us. The Supreme Court affirmed the action in 1886 in The states v. Kagama, which affirmed that the United states Government has plenary ability over Native American tribes within its borders using the rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race in one case powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those amid whom they dwell".^[12] While the federal government of the United States had previously recognized the Indian Tribes as semi-contained, "it has the correct and potency, instead of decision-making them past treaties, to govern them by acts of Congress, they being inside the geographical limit of the United states of america ... The Indians [Native Americans] owe no allegiance to a Land within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection."^[xiii]

Reductions of surface area [edit]

White settlers continued to overflowing into Indian country. Every bit the population increased, the homesteaders could petition Congress for creation of a territory. This would initiate an Organic Deed, which established a three-part territorial regime. The governor and judiciary were appointed by the President of the Usa, while the legislature was elected past citizens residing in the territory. I elected representative was allowed a seat in the U. South. House of Representatives. The federal government took responsibility for territorial affairs. Later, the inhabitants of the territory could apply for admission equally a total country. No such action was taken for the so-chosen Indian Territory, then that area was not treated every bit a legal territory.^[7]

Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota Territories 1855

The reduction of the state expanse of Indian Territory (or Indian Country, as divers in the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834), the successor of Missouri Territory began almost immediately after its creation with:

• Wisconsin Territory formed in 1836 from lands east of the Mississippi and betwixt the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Wisconsin became a state in 1848
  • Iowa Territory (country between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers) was split from Wisconsin Territory in 1838 and became a land in 1846.
    • Minnesota Territory was split from Iowa Territory in 1849 and part of the Minnesota Territory became the state of Minnesota in 1858
• Dakota Territory was organized in 1861 from the northern part of Indian State and Minnesota Territory. The name refers to the Dakota co-operative of the Sioux tribes.
  • North Dakota and South Dakota became separate states simultaneously in 1889.
  • Present-mean solar day states of Montana and Wyoming were besides part of the original Dakota Territory

Indian Land was reduced to the approximate boundaries of the electric current land of Oklahoma by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, which created Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory. The key boundaries of the territories were:

• forty° N the current Kansas–Nebraska border
• 37° N the current Kansas–Oklahoma (Indian Territory) edge

Kansas became a state in 1861, and Nebraska became a state in 1867. In 1890 the Oklahoma Organic Act created Oklahoma Territory out of the western part of Indian Territory, in anticipation of admitting both Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory as a futurity single State of Oklahoma.

Civil War and Reconstruction [edit]

At the kickoff of the Civil War, Indian Territory had been essentially reduced to the boundaries of the nowadays-day U.Southward. land of Oklahoma, and the main residents of the territory were members of the Five Civilized Tribes or Plains tribes that had been relocated to the western role of the territory on land leased from the Five Civilized Tribes. In 1861, the U.S. abased Fort Washita, leaving the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations defenseless against the Plains tribes. Later the same twelvemonth, the Amalgamated States of America signed a Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws. Ultimately, the 5 Civilized Tribes and other tribes that had been relocated to the surface area, signed treaties of friendship with the Confederacy.

During the Civil War, Congress gave the U.Due south. president the authorization to, if a tribe was "in a state of bodily hostility to the government of the Us... and, by announcement, to declare all treaties with such tribe to exist abrogated by such tribe"(25 USC Sec. 72). ^[14]

Members of the Five Civilized Tribes, and others who had relocated to the Oklahoma department of Indian Territory, fought primarily on the side of the Confederacy during the American Civil War in Indian territory. Brigadier General Stand Watie, a Confederate commander of the Cherokee Nation, became the last Confederate general to surrender in the American Civil State of war, near the community of Doaksville on June 23, 1865. The Reconstruction Treaties signed at the end of the Civil War fundamentally changed the human relationship between the tribes and the U.S. government.

The Reconstruction era played out differently in Indian Territory and for Native Americans than for the rest of the country. In 1862, Congress passed a police force that allowed the president, by proclamation, to cancel treaties with Indian Nations siding with the Confederacy (25 USC 72).^[15] The United States House Committee on Territories (created in 1825) was examining the effectiveness of the policy of Indian removal, which was after the state of war considered to be of express effectiveness. It was decided that a new policy of Assimilation would be implemented. To implement the new policy, the Southern Treaty Commission was created by Congress to write new treaties with the Tribes siding with the Confederacy.

After the Civil War the Southern Treaty Commission re-wrote treaties with tribes that sided with the Confederacy, reducing the territory of the Five Civilized Tribes and providing land to resettle Plains Native Americans and tribes of the mid-westward.^[sixteen] General components of replacement treaties signed in 1866 include:^[17]

• Abolition of slavery
• Immunity for siding with Confederate States of America
• Understanding to legislation that Congress and the President "may deem necessary for the better administration of justice and the protection of the rights of person and holding within the Indian territory."
• That the tribes grant correct of way for track roads authorized by Congress; A land patent, or "starting time-title deed" to alternating sections of land next to rails roads would be granted to the track route upon completion of each 20 mile section of track and h2o stations
• That inside each county, a quarter section of state exist held in trust for the establishment of seats of justice therein, and besides as many quarter-sections as the said legislative councils may deem proper for the permanent endowment of schools
• Provision for each homo, adult female, and kid to receive 160 acres of land as an allotment. (The allotment policy was later codification on a national ground through the passage of The Dawes Act, also called Full general Allotment Human activity, or Dawes Severalty Act of 1887)
• That a state patent, or "first-title act" be issued as evidence of allotment, "issued by the President of the United States, and countersigned by the main executive officer of the nation in which the land lies"
• That treaties and parts of treaties inconsistent with the replacement treaties to be zip and void.

One component of absorption would be the distribution of property held in-mutual by the tribe to individual members of the tribe.^[18]

The Medicine Lodge Treaty is the overall name given to three treaties signed in Medicine Gild, Kansas between the US government and southern Plains Indian tribes who would ultimately reside in the western part of Indian Territory (ultimately Oklahoma Territory). The start treaty was signed October 21, 1867, with the Kiowa and Comanche tribes.^[19] The second, with the Plains Apache, was signed the same day.^[20] The third treaty was signed with the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho on October 28.^[21]

Another component of assimilation was homesteading. The Homestead Act of 1862 was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. The Deed gave an applicant freehold championship to an area called a "homestead" – typically 160 acres (65 hectares or one-fourth section) of undeveloped federal land. Within Indian Territory, as lands were removed from communal tribal buying, a land patent (or get-go-title act) was given to tribal members. The remaining land was sold on a get-go-come ground, typically by state run, with settlers besides receiving a land patent type deed. For these now former Indian lands, the Full general Land Office distributed the sales funds to the various tribal entities, according to previously negotiated terms.

Oklahoma Territory, terminate of territories upon statehood [edit]

Historical population

Yr	Pop.	±%
1890	180,182	—
1900	392,060	+117.half dozen%
Source: 1890–1900[22]

The Oklahoma organic act of 1890 created an organized incorporated territory of the Usa of Oklahoma Territory, with the intent of combining the Oklahoma and Indian territories into a single Land of Oklahoma. The citizens of Indian Territory tried, in 1905, to gain access to the union equally the Country of Sequoyah, but were rebuffed by Congress and an Assistants which did not want ii new Western states, Sequoyah and Oklahoma. Theodore Roosevelt then proposed a compromise that would bring together Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory to form a unmarried state. This resulted in passage of the Oklahoma Enabling Human action, which President Roosevelt signed June sixteen, 1906.^[23] empowered the people residing in Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory to elect delegates to a country constitutional convention and subsequently to be admitted to the union as a single state. Citizens then joined to seek admission of a single state to the Union. With Oklahoma statehood in Nov 1907, Indian Territory lost its "independence" and was extinguished.

Tribes [edit]

Tribes indigenous to Oklahoma [edit]

Two Wichita women in summer apparel, 1870

Indian Territory marks the confluence of the Southern Plains and Southeastern Woodlands cultural regions. Its western region is office of the Great Plains, subjected to extended periods of drought and high winds, and the Ozark Plateau is to the east in a humid subtropical climate zone. Tribes indigenous to the present day country of Oklahoma include both agrarian and hunter-gatherer tribes. The arrival of horses with the Spanish in the 16th century ushered in horse culture-era, when tribes could adopt a nomadic lifestyle and follow abundant bison herds.

The Southern Plains villagers, an archaeological culture that flourished from 800 to 1500 CE, lived in semi-sedentary villages throughout the western part of Indian Territory, where they farmed maize and hunted buffalo. They are likely ancestors of the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes. The ancestors of the Wichita have lived in the eastern Great Plains from the Red River north to Nebraska for at least ii,000 years.^[24] The early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agronomics. By virtually 900 CE, farming villages began to appear on terraces above the Washita River and S Canadian River in Oklahoma.

Member tribes of the Caddo Confederacy lived in the eastern office of Indian Territory and are ancestors of the Caddo Nation. The Caddo people speak a Caddoan language and is a confederation of several tribes who traditionally inhabited much of what is now East Texas, northern Louisiana and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. The tribe was once part of the Caddoan Mississippian culture and thought to be an extension of woodland period peoples who started inhabiting the surface area around 200 BCE. In an 1835 Treaty ^[25] made at the agency-house in the Caddo nation and State of Louisiana, the Caddo Nation sold their tribal lands to the United states of america. In 1846 the Caddo along with several other tribes signed a treaty that made the Caddo a protectorate of the United states and established framework of a legal system between the Caddo and the US.^[26] Tribal headquarters are in Binger, Oklahoma.

The Wichita and Caddo both spoke Caddoan languages, equally did the Kichai people, who were as well indigenous to what is now Oklahoma and ultimately became part of the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes. The Wichita (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the US in 1835.^[27] The tribe'south headquarters are in Anadarko, Oklahoma.

In the 18th century, prior to Indian Removal (the forced relocation by the US federal government) Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche people entered into Indian Territory from the w, and the Quapaw and Osage entered from the e. During Indian Removal of the 19th century, boosted tribes received their land either by treaty via land grant from the federal government of the United States or they purchased the country receiving fee simple recorded championship.

Tribes from the Southeastern Woodlands [edit]

The Mississippian culture was a mound-edifice Native American culture that flourished in Due north America before the arrival of Europeans.

Many of the tribes forcibly relocated to Indian Territory were from Southeastern United States, including the and so-called Five Civilized Tribes or Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee Creeks, and Seminole, merely too the Natchez, Yuchi, Alabama, Koasati, and Caddo people.

Betwixt 1814 and 1840, the Five Civilized Tribes had gradually ceded almost of their lands in the Southeast department of the US through a serial of treaties. The southern part of Indian Land (what eventually became the State of Oklahoma) served as the destination for the policy of Indian removal, a policy pursued intermittently by American presidents early on in the 19th century, but aggressively pursued by President Andrew Jackson later the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Five Civilized Tribes in the South were the well-nigh prominent tribes displaced by the policy, a relocation that came to be known equally the Trail of Tears during the Choctaw removals starting in 1831. The trail concluded in what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma, where there were already many Indians living in the territory, as well as whites and escaped slaves. Other tribes, such every bit the Delaware, Cheyenne, and Apache were likewise forced to relocate to the Indian territory.

The celebrated Choctaw Capitol in Tuskahoma.

The Five Civilized Tribes established tribal capitals in the following towns:

• Cherokee Nation – Tahlequah
• Chickasaw Nation – Tishomingo
• Choctaw Nation – Tuskahoma (later moved to Durant)
• Creek Nation – Okmulgee
• Seminole Nation – Wewoka

These tribes founded towns such every bit Tulsa, Ardmore, Muskogee, which became some of the larger towns in the country. They besides brought their African slaves to Oklahoma, which added to the African American population in the state.

• Beginning in 1783 the Choctaw signed a serial of treaties with the Americans. The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was the first removal treaty carried into effect under the Indian Removal Human activity, ceding land in the future state of Mississippi in exchange for state in the future state of Oklahoma, resulting in the Choctaw Trail of Tears.
• The Muscogee (Creek) Nation began the process of moving to Indian Territory with the 1814 Treaty of Fort Jackson and the 1826 Treaty of Washington. The 1832 Treaty of Cusseta ceded all Creek claims eastward of the Mississippi River to the Usa.
• The 1835 the Treaty of New Echota established terms under which the entire Cherokee Nation was expected to cede its territory in the Southeast and move to Indian Territory. Although the treaty was not approved by the Cherokee National Council, it was ratified by the U.South. Senate and resulted in the Cherokee Trail of Tears.
• The Chickasaw, rather than receiving state grants in exchange for ceding indigenous land rights, received fiscal bounty. The tribe negotiated a $iii million payment for their native lands (which was not fully funded by the Usa for 30 years). In 1836, the Chickasaw agreed to purchase state from the previously removed Choctaws for $530,000.^[29]
• The Seminole People, originally from the nowadays-day state of Florida, signed the Treaty of Payne's Landing in 1832, in response to the 1830 Indian Removal Act, that forced the tribes to movement to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. In October 1832 a delegation arrived in Indian Territory and conferred with the Creek Nation tribe that had already been removed to the area. In 1833 an understanding was signed at Fort Gibson (on the Arkansas River merely east of Muskogee, Oklahoma), accepting the area in the western part of the Creek Nation. Nevertheless, the chiefs in Florida did not agree to the agreement. In spite of the disagreement, the treaty was ratified by the Senate in Apr 1934.

Tribes from the Great Lakes and Northeastern Woodlands [edit]

Jennie Bobb, left, and her daughter, Nellie Longhat, both members of the Delaware Nation, Oklahoma, 1915

The Western Lakes Confederacy was a loose confederacy of tribes effectually the Dandy Lakes region, organized post-obit the American Revolutionary War to resist the expansion of the United States into the Northwest Territory. Members of the confederacy were ultimately removed to the present-day Oklahoma, including the Shawnee, Delaware (also called Lenape), Miami, and Kickapoo.

The surface area of Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma was used to resettle the Iowa tribe, Sac and Fox, Absentee Shawnee, Potawatomi, and Kickapoo tribes.

The Council of Iii Fires is an alliance of the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi tribes. In the Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1829, the tribes of the Council of Three Fires ceded to the U.s.a. their lands in Illinois Michigan and Wisconsin. The 1833 Treaty of Chicago forced the members of the Council of Three Fires to move first to present-day Iowa, then to Kansas and Nebraska, and ultimately to Oklahoma.^[thirty]

The Illinois Potawatomi moved to nowadays-day Nebraska and the Indiana Potawatomi moved to nowadays-twenty-four hour period Osawatomie, Kansas, an issue known as the Potawatomi Trail of Expiry. The group settling in Nebraska adapted to the Plains Indian civilisation but the group settling in Kansas remained steadfast to their woodlands civilisation. In 1867 part of the Kansas group negotiated the "Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi" in which the Kansas Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation dissever and part of their country in Kansas was sold, purchasing state near present-day Shawnee, Oklahoma, they became the Citizen Potawatomi Nation.^[31]

The Odawa tribe first purchased lands most Ottawa, Kansas, residing in that location until 1867 when they sold their lands in Kansas and purchased land in an surface area administered by the Quapaw Indian Bureau in Ottawa County, Oklahoma, becoming the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma.

The Peoria tribe, native to southern Illinois, moved south to Missouri then Kansas, where they joined the Piankashaw, Kaskaskia, and Wea tribes. Under stipulations of the Omnibus Treaty of 1867, these confederated tribes and the Miami tribe left Kansas for Indian Territory on lands purchased from the Quapaw.^[32]

Iroquois Confederacy [edit]

The Iroquois Confederacy was an alliance of tribes, originally from the upstate New York area consisting of the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, later, Tuscarora. In pre-revolutionary war days, their confederacy expanded to areas from Kentucky and Virginia n. All of the members of the Confederacy, except the Oneida and Tuscarora, centrolineal with the British during the Revolutionary State of war, and were forced to sacrifice their land later on the war. Nigh moved to Canada after the Treaty of Canandaigua in 1794, some remained in New York, and some moved to Ohio, joining the Shawnee.

The 1838 and 1842 Treaties of Buffalo Creek were treaties with New York Indians, such every bit the Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, and Oneida Indian Nation, which covered state sales of tribal reservations nether the United states Indian removal program, past which they planned to motion almost eastern tribes to Indian Territory. Initially, the tribes were moved to the present land of Kansas, and later to Oklahoma on to country administered by the Quapaw Indian Bureau.

Plains Indian tribes [edit]

Tipis painted by George Catlin c. 1830

Western Indian Territory is part of the Southern Plains and is the ancestral domicile of the Wichita people, a Plains tribe. Additional indigenous peoples of the Plains entered Indian Territory during the horse culture era. Prior to adoption of the equus caballus, some Plains Indian tribes were agrestal and others were hunter-gatherers. Some tribes used the dog as a draft animal to pull pocket-size travois (or sleighs) to aid motility from place to place; yet, by the 18th century, many Southern Plains tribes adopted the equus caballus culture and became nomadic. The tipi, an creature hide guild, was used by Plains Indians every bit a dwelling house because they were portable and could be reconstructed quickly when the tribe settled in a new area for hunting or ceremonies.

Plains Indians at time of European contact and current homelands.

Historically, the Arapaho had assisted the Cheyenne and Lakota people in driving the Kiowa and Comanche southward from the Northern Plains, their hunting surface area ranged from Montana to Texas. Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast area of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. By 1840 many plains tribes had made peace with each other and developed Plains Indian Sign Language equally a means of communicate with their allies.

Pre-contact distribution of the Western Siouan languages

• The Kaw speak one of the Siouan languages and were originally from the Kansas area (with Kansas being derived from the name of the tribe.) The Kaw are closely related to the Osage Nation and Ponca tribes (who showtime settled in Nebraska), being from the aforementioned tribe before migrating from the Ohio valley in the mid-17th century. On June iv, 1873, the Kaw removed themselves from Kansas to an surface area that would become Kay Canton, Oklahoma, tribal headquarters is in Kaw City, Oklahoma.
• The Ponca speak one of the Siouan languages and are closely related to the Osage Nation and Kaw tribes. The Ponca tribe were never at war with the The states and signed the beginning peace treaty in 1817.^[33] In 1858 the Ponca signed a treaty, ceding part of their country to the The states in return for annuities, payment of $i.25 per acre from settlers, protection from hostile tribes and a permanent reservation home on the Niobrara River at the confluence with the Missouri River.^[34] In the 1868 United states of america-Sioux Treaty of Fort Laramie^[35] the Us mistakenly included Ponca lands in present-mean solar day Nebraska in the Great Sioux Reservation of present-twenty-four hour period South Dakota. Conflict between the Ponca and the Sioux/Lakota, who now claimed the land equally their ain by The states police force, forced the U.s.a. to remove the Ponca from their ain ancestral lands to Indian Territory in 1877, parts of the current Kay and Noble counties in Oklahoma. The land proved to be less than desirable for agriculture and many of the tribe moved back to Nebraska. In 1881, the US returned 26,236 acres (106.17 kmⁱⁱ) of Knox County, Nebraska, to the Ponca, and about half the tribe moved back northward from Indian Territory. Today, the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma have their headquarters in Ponca City, Oklahoma.
• The Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians, speak one of the Siouan languages and split away from the Ho-Chunk in Wisconsin prior to European contact. The tribe is made upwards of Otoe and Missouria Indians, is located in part of Noble County, Oklahoma with tribal offices in Red Stone, Oklahoma. Both tribes originated in the Great Lakes region by the 16th century had settled well-nigh the Missouri and M Rivers in Missouri.^[36]

Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages

• The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma are a united tribe of the Southern Arapaho and the Southern Cheyenne people, headquartered in Concho, Oklahoma (a rural suburb of Oklahoma City.)
  • The Cheyenne were originally an agrestal people in nowadays-solar day Minnesota and speak an Algonquian language. In 1877, later the Boxing of the Little Bighorn (in present-twenty-four hour period Montana) a group of Cheyenne were escorted to Indian Territory (nowadays-day Oklahoma). However, they were not used to the dry estrus climate and food was insufficient and of poor quality. A group of Cheyenne left the territory without permission to travel back due north. Ultimately, the armed services gave upward attempting to relocate the Northern Cheyenne dorsum to Oklahoma and a Northern Cheyenne reservation was established in Montana
  • The Arapaho came from the nowadays-24-hour interval Saskatchewan, Montana, and Wyoming surface area, and speak an Algonquian language.

Pre-contact distribution of Northern Uto-Aztecan languages

• The Comanche lived in the upper Platte River in Wyoming breaking off from the Shoshone people in the late 17th century, and speak a Numic language of the Uto-Aztecan family. A nomadic people, the Comanche never developed the political idea of forming a single nation or tribe instead existing as multiple democratic bands. The Comanche (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the US in 1835.^[27] An boosted treaty was signed in 1846.^[26] In 1875, the final free band of Comanches, led by Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma. The Comanche Nation is headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma.
• The Pawnee speak a Caddoan language. Originally from the area around Omaha, Nebraska. In the 16th century Francisco Vásquez de Coronado had an encounter with a Pawnee chief. In the 1830s exposure to infectious diseases, such as measles, smallpox and cholera decimated the tribe. The 1857 Treaty with the Pawnee,^[37] their range was reduced to an surface area around Nance County, Nebraska. In 1874 the tribe was relocated to land in the Cherokee Outlet in Oklahoma Territory, in Pawnee County, Oklahoma. Tribal Headquarters are in Pawnee, Oklahoma.
• The Tonkawa speak a linguistic communication isolate, that is a language with no known related languages. The Tonkawa seem to have inhabited northeastern Oklahoma in the 15th century. However, by the 18th century the Plains Apache had pushed the Tonkawa south to what is now southern Texas. After Texas was admitted as a State, the Tonkawa signed the 1846 Treaty with the Comanche and other Tribes at Council Springs, Texas.^[26] After siding with the Confederacy, acting as scouts for the Texas Rangers, the Tonkawa Massacre, occurring about Lawton, Oklahoma, killed about half of the tribe. In 1891 the Tonkawa were offered allotments in the Cherokee Outlet near present-day Tonkawa, Oklahoma.
• The Kiowa originated in the area of Glacier National Park, Montana and speak a Kiowa-Tanoan language. In the 18th century the Kiowa and Plains Apache moved to the plains side by side to the Arkansas River in Colorado and Kansas and the Red River of the Texas Panhandle and Oklahoma. In 1837 the Kiowa (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the Usa that established a framework for legal arrangement administered past the US. Provided for trade between Republics of Mexico and Texas.^[38] Tribal headquarters are in Carnegie, Oklahoma
• The Plains Apache or "Kiowa Apache", a co-operative of the Apache that lived in the upper Missouri River surface area and speak one of the Southern Athabaskan languages. In the 18th century, the branch migrated south and adopted the lifestyle of the Kiowa. Tribal headquarters are in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
• The Osage Nation speak ane of the Siouan languages and originated in present-day Kentucky. As the Iroquois moved south, the Osage moved w. Past the early 18th century the Osage had go the dominant power in the Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas, controlling much of the state between the Blood-red River and Missouri River. From 1818 to 1825 a series of treaties reduced the Osage lands to Independence, Kansas. With the 1870 Pulsate Creek Treaty, the Kansas land was sold for $1.25 per acre and the Osage purchased 1,470,000 acres (5,900 km²) in Indian Territory'south Cherokee Outlet, the current Osage County, Oklahoma. While the Osage did not escape the federal policy of allotting communal tribal state to individual tribal members, they negotiated to retain communal mineral rights to the reservation lands. These were later establish to have crude oil, from which tribal members benefited from royalty revenues from oil development and production. Tribal headquarters are in Pawhuska, Oklahoma.

Plateau tribes [edit]

Subsequently the Modoc War from 1872 to 1873, Modoc people were forced from their homelands in southern Oregon and northern California to settle at the Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory. The federal government permitted some to return to Oregon in 1909. Those that remained in Oklahoma became the Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma.^[39]

The Nez Perce, a Plateau tribe from Washington and Idaho, were sent to Indian Territory as prisoners of war in 1878, simply later on swell losses in their numbers due to disease,drought and dearth, they returned to their northwestern homelands in 1885.^[twoscore]

Government [edit]

During the Reconstruction Era, when the size of Indian Territory was reduced, the renegotiated treaties with the Five Civilized Tribes and the tribes occupying the land of the Quapaw Indian Bureau contained provisions for a government structure in Indian Territory. Replacement treaties signed in 1866 contained provisions for:^[17]

• Indian Territory Legislature would have proportional representation from tribes over 500 members
• Laws take effect unless suspended by Secretary of the Interior or President of the United states
• No laws shall be inconsistent with the U.s. Constitution, or laws of Congress, or treaties of the United States
• No legislation regarding "matters pertaining to the legislative, judicial, or other organization, laws, or community of the several tribes or nations, except as herein provided for"
• Superintendent of Indian Affairs (or appointee) is the presiding officer of the Indian Territory Legislature
• Secretarial assistant of Interior appoints secretary of the Indian Territory Legislature
• A court or courts may exist established in Indian Territory with such jurisdiction and organization every bit Congress may prescribe: "Provided that the same shall not interfere with the local judiciary of either of said nations."
• No session in any 1 year shall exceed the term of thirty days, and provided that the special sessions may be called whenever, in the judgment of the Secretary of the Interior, the interests of said tribes shall require information technology

In a continuation of the new policy, the 1890 Oklahoma organic human action extended civil and criminal laws of Arkansas over the Indian Territory,^[41] and extended the laws of Nebraska over Oklahoma Territory.^[42]

Run into also [edit]

• Historic regions of the U.s.a.
• Missouri Compromise
  • Parallel 36°30' due north
• Territorial development of the United states of america
  • Territories of Spain that encompassed land that would later go office of Indian Territory:
    • Tejas, 1690–1821
    • Luisiana, 1764–1803
  • U.S. territories that encompassed state that would later become part of Indian Territory:
    • District of Louisiana, 1804–1805
    • Territory of Louisiana, 1805–1812
• List of federally recognized tribes by state and List of federally recognized tribes alphabetic
  • Native American tribes in Iowa
• Treaties
  • Treaty of Fort Clark with the Osage.
  • Osage Treaty (1825)
• Cherokee Commission
• Northwest Indian War the boxing for Ohio
• One-time Indian Reservations in Oklahoma

References [edit]

1. ^ Everett, Dianna. "Indian Territory Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Civilization, published by the Oklahoma Historical Society (accessed October 17, 2013).
2. ^ Pennington, William D. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Reconstruction Treaties." Retrieved Feb 16, 2012.[1] Archived 2014-02-20 at the Wayback Auto
3. ^ "ACQUISITION OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN, 1781–1867, Table i.one" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-02 .
4. ^ ^{a b} "Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)". Retrieved 2012-03-02 .
5. ^ "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas . Retrieved 2020-07-09 .
6. ^ Stein, Marker, 1951- (27 May 2008). How us got their shapes (Commencement ed.). New York. ISBN978-0-06-143138-8. OCLC 137324984. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
7. ^ ^{a b} "Everett, Dianna. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Indian Territory."". Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2012-02-15 .
8. ^ "SUBCHAPTER I - TREATIES". 25 USC CHAPTER iii - AGREEMENTS WITH INDIANS. uscode - house.gov. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
9. ^ 25 U.s.C. § 71. Indian Appropriation Human action of March 3, 1871, xvi Stat. 544, 566
10. ^ Congress' plenary authority to "override treaty provisions and legislate for the protection of the Native Americans." United States v. Metropolis of McAlester, 604 F.second 42, 47 (10th Cir. 1979)
11. ^ United States v. Blackfeet Tribe of Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 364 F.Supp. 192, 194 (D.Mont. 1973) ("[A]north Indian tribe is sovereign to the extent that the United States permits it to be sovereign – neither more nor less.")
12. ^ "United States v. Kagama, 118 U.Southward. 375 (1886), Filed May 10, 1886". Retrieved 2012-04-29 .
13. ^ "United States v. Kagama – 118 U.S. 375 (1886)". Retrieved 2012-04-29 .
14. ^ "Human activity of Congress, R.South. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528". Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-07 .
15. ^ "Absconding of treaties (25 USC Sec. 72) Codification R.South. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528". Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-07 .
16. ^ Pennington, William D. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Civilisation. "Reconstruction Treaties." Retrieved February xvi, 2012. [2] Archived 2014-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
17. ^ ^{a b} "Treaty of Washington U.s.-Choctaw Nation-Chickasaw Nation, xiv Stat. 769, signed April 28, 1866". Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
18. ^ Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek: Hearings on H.R. 19213 Before the H. Subcomm. on Indian Diplomacy, at 24 (February 14, 1912) (statement of Hon. Byron P. Harrison) ("While the {1866 Treaty of Washington} contemplated the immediate resource allotment in severalty of the lands in the Choctaw-Chickasaw country, nevertheless such allotment in severalty to anyone was never fabricated under such treaty, and has but been consummated since the breaking up of the tribal system and preparatory to the system of the Country of Oklahoma.")
19. ^ "Treaty with the Kiowa and Comanche, 1867 (15 Stats., 581) (Medicine Lodge Treaty #i)". Archived from the original on 2011-11-26.
20. ^ "Treaty with the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, 1867" (Medicine Social club Treaty #2), (15 Stats. 589)". Retrieved 2012-02-29 .
21. ^ "Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, 1867" (Medicine Lodge Treaty #3), (15 Stats. 593)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2012-02-29 .
22. ^ Forstall, Richard L. (ed.). Population of us and Counties of the United states: 1790–1990 (PDF) (Study). United States Demography Bureau. p. 132. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
23. ^ "Enabling Act (Oklahoma) Public Constabulary 234, HR 12797, Jun 16, 1906 (59th Congress, Session 1, chapter 3335". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 2012-01-thirty .
24. ^ Schlesier, Karl H. Plains Indians, 500–1500 CE: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups. Norman: Academy of Oklahoma Press, 1994: 347–348.
25. ^ "TREATY WITH THE CADDO, July 1, 1835 (7 Stat., 470)". Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-03-01 .
26. ^ ^{a b c} "Treaty with the Comanche, Aionai, Anadarko, Caddo, etc., Wacoes, Keeches, Tonkaways, Wichetas, Towa-KarroesMay xv, 1846, (9 Stat., 844). The treaty established the Usa equally a protectorate of the tribes and established legal procedures betwixt tribes and the U.s., Signed at Council Springs, Texas". Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved 2012-03-01 .
27. ^ ^{a b} "TREATY WITH THE COMANCHE, ETC., Aug. 24, 1835. (7 Stat., 474) Treaty of Friendship between Usa and Comanche and Witchetaw nations, and Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw and established framework for legal system supervised by US. Signed on the eastern border of the Grand Prairie, near the Canadian river, in the Muscogee nation". Archived from the original on 2012-02-fifteen. Retrieved 2012-03-02 .
28. ^ Moser, George W. A Brief History of Cherokee Lodge #10 (retrieved 26 June 2009).
29. ^ Burt, Jesse; Ferguson, Bob (1973). "The Removal". Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now. Nashville and New York: Abingdon Press. pp. 170–173. ISBN978-0-687-18793-5.
30. ^ "1833 Treaty with the Chippewa, etc". Retrieved 2012-02-29 .
31. ^ "Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi 1867". Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2012-02-29 .
32. ^ Roberson, Glen (2009). "Peoria". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved 21 December 2017.
33. ^ "1817 Ponca Treaty with the United states". Archived from the original on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2012-03-01 .
34. ^ "1858 Ponca Treaty with the US". Archived from the original on 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2012-03-01 .
35. ^ "US-Sioux Treaty of 1868". Archived from the original on 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2011-eleven-04 .
36. ^ "May, John D. Otoe-Missouria. Oklahoma Historical Society'southward Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Civilisation" . Archived from the original on 2010-07-20. Retrieved 2012-03-01 .
37. ^ "1957 Treaty with the Pawnee". Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2012-03-01 .
38. ^ "TREATY WITH THE KIOWA, ETC, May 26, 1837 (seven Stat. 533). Treaty of friendship between US and Kioway, Ka-ta-ka, and Ta-wa-ka-ro nations and Comanche, Witchetaw, Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw nations or tribes of Indians and provided for trade between Republics of Texas and Mexico, signed at Fort Gibson, Oklahoma". Archived from the original on May xxx, 2017. Retrieved 2012-03-02 .
39. ^ Self, Burl Eastward. "Modoc". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Civilization. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved twenty Dec 2017.
40. ^ Westmoreland, Ingrid. "Nez Perce". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Civilization. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
41. ^ 26 Stat. 81, at 94-97
42. ^ "Organic Human activity, 1890, Oklahoma Historical Gild'south Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2012-01-thirty .

Farther reading [edit]

• Clampitt, Bradley R. The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory (University of Nebraska Press, 2015). viii, 192 pp.
• Confer, Clarissa W. The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War (University of Oklahoma Press, 2007)
• Gibson, Arrell Morgan. "Native Americans and the Ceremonious State of war," American Indian Quarterly (1985), nine#iv, pp. 385–410 in JSTOR
• Minges, Patrick. Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetowah Society and the Defining of a People, 1855–1867 (Routledge, 2003)
• Reese, Linda Williams. Trail Sisters: Freedwomen in Indian Territory, 1850–1890 (Texas Tech University Press; 2013), 186 pages; STUDIES blackness women held as slaves by the Cherokee, Choctaw, and other Indians
• Smith, Troy. "The Ceremonious War Comes to Indian Territory", Civil War History (September 2013), 59#three, pp. 279–319 online
• Wickett, Murray R. Contested Territory: Whites, Native Americans and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1865–1907 (Louisiana State University Press, 2000)

Chief sources [edit]

• Edwards, Whit. "The Prairie Was on Fire": Bystander Accounts of the Civil War in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma Historical Club, 2001)

External links [edit]

• Twin Territories: Oklahoma Territory – Indian Territory
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Civilisation – Indian Territory
• High resolution maps and other items at the National Archives
• Run into 1890s photographs of Native Americans in Oklahoma Indian Territory hosted by the Portal to Texas History
• TREATIES BY TRIBE NAME Vol. Ii (Treaties) in office. Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington: Government Printing Role, 1904
• Oklahoma Digital Maps Collection
• Hawes, J. W. (1879). "Indian Territory". The American Cyclopædia.
• Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Benjamin Harrison: "Proclamation 295 - Sioux Nation of Indians," February x, 1890". The American Presidency Project. Academy of California - Santa Barbara. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
• Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Benjamin Harrison: "Annunciation 298 - Extinguishing Indian Title to Sure Lands," October 23, 1890". The American Presidency Projection. University of California - Santa Barbara. Retrieved 17 Jan 2016.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory

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